THE
RITUAL OF “TIBAN” in TRENGGALEK,
EAST
JAVA
Vita
Apriliyani
ABSTRACK
At this present, area arts are less attractive to
teenagers. This is because the development of globalization is rapidly
increasing, so the area of art is less desirable. So this paper will help the
reader to know more about the Art Tradition of Tiban. Also to invite the reader
to be able to continue preservation the culture or this tradition.
Keyword : tiban, society, ritual.
INTRODUCTION
Do you know what is “Tiban” ritual ?
Have you ever seen what kind of “Tiban” ritual ?
What are the purpose of Tiban ritual ?
Tradition of Tiban Art is art that serves as a
ritual to invoke the rain. Tiban derived from the word ujug-ujug. The ritual used to invoke rain to immediately get down
by surprise. Tiban is a form of rite of victims, where according to Maran
(2000: 79) there are two kinds of rites are the rites of sacrifice and
purification. The public has an assumption regarding the rite of victims is if
by giving (god / offerings) then those who sacrificing will receive (blessing).
The rites of trust in the society can be said to be a traditional ceremony.
A long times ago in Kediri kingdom, there is an
authoritarian king, the king who wants to become a god. Thus a picture of King
Kediri named KERTAJAYA. So that’s why the people under his orders not as
obedient but because of fear. Kediri Kingdom regions including kademangan
Ngimbang (Now Ngadiluwih) has 4 kademangan: 1. Kademangan Ngimbang; 3.
Megalamat; 2. Jimbun; 4. Ceker. Though ruled by the King authoritarian, but the
state of society prospered, all problems solved in Mutual Cooperation. When
society first harvest and giving to their neighbors, this kind of personality
that can not be noticed by the king, even Brahman was asked to worship and
idolize him.
"The sun rotates, from noon to change night,
while the night can change afternoon", said the Brahmins. That is the
situation in the world is impermanent, from the original rich can also be poor,
from the mighty can be impotent. Similarly, the original picture Kediri Kingdom
in the welfare state, the village granaries full of rice gradually thinning
tend to run outThis happens because of its drought lasted very long. The
farmers are unemployed because their fields can not be cultivated, the rivers
drying up. The dry season as if no completion. Every effort has been attempted
to get water, but can not meet the needs of irrigation. Obtained only limited
need for drinking and kitchen needs.
Long lasting drought is a curse to mankind
unbelievable toward a higher power. So that;s why the demang confabulate with
the Pinisepuh, several proposals, suggestions and opinions, to make up for the
curse. The people of Ngimbang with the rest of the little treasure giving to be
used as a requirement the implementation of the Ceremony, for they who have
applied for providing a bundle of rice, and for those who have an ox carrying a
whip as a symbol of wealth.
After all of ready then people communicate with
supernatural powers. We are forgiving to a higher power, the supernatural.
Furthermore, as a community ritual torture yourself and bask in the sun. This
Facility deemed not able to communicate with supernatural powers, then the
torture to body more refined by using a whip / whip made from a stick from the
fruiting plants fro / tree. The procession of ritual among the participants of
this traditional ceremony whipping each other in turn. Of course in this game a
lot of blood stream, due to its solemn then all suffered not feel. In the
religious atmosphere then the rain falls which is not in season. This kind of
rain is called as Tiban rain (rain suddenly). Pinisepuh Ngimbang people and
their excitement can not be described, be thankful them for His mercy. Thus,
that incident then called as tiban, and forwarded by local people hereditarily,
if there is drought.
DISCUSSION
The
value that containing in Tiban Tradition
“Tiban " was the name of the artwork. Not the
name of a town on the north coast of Java. In Trenggalek, Tiban is a
traditional art which still thrives in remote rural areas. The beginning of the
emergence of tiban is indicates an interaction between man and nature mystical
mind. It means that behind the implementation of this art implies a certain
philosophical against occult powers so led to the existence of supernatural
powers that come from outside of man. The power occurs due to the influence of
some of the the facilities and infrastructure chanted by ritual prayers or certain
mantras. This art is called a ritual because it has several characteristics as
expressed by R.M Soedarsono, in general there are six traits that players have
been people who considered sacred or cleanse themselves spiritually, the show
selected places that are considered sacred, time performances have been a
sacred, using equipment and offerings as the preferred destination of the
ritual as spectacle. As for the equipment offerings used are: Tumpeng rice
along with side dishes such as chicken ingkung, cucumber, kuluban, fried
noodles with tofu, tempeh fried, boiled eggs, along with traditional snacks and
bananas, are also the incense is burned as a tool intermediaries between man
and the world other occult. This is done in Trenggalek community because of the
presence Tumpeng rice and its contents have the meaning that human beings in
this world will always return to the Almighty who created the heavens and the
earth and its contents. According to local people, the majority of tiban show
played by a boy whose age is not less than 15 years. This is done so that in
the implementation process of preparation ritual (tirakatan) does not happen
things that are not desirable.
The
process of Tiban ritual
Some things need to be prepared in order to the
tradition can run smoothly are pelandang, players, venue selection, musical
instruments, invitations to the players outside the area and whip. Pelandang or
can also be called by the referee, in which the person has the authority to
regulate the game . Selection of pelandang taking place in the time before the
implementation of the ritual, while the requirements that must be owned by
pelandang that is known by many people, respected by the local community,
understand correctly intricacies of tiban overall, received the title as tiban warriors,
heal the tiban players were wounded by prod of the main opponent then was also
wise, and should be locals.
To be a player Tiban required to to work as farmers.
For all of them, have the knowledge to protect themselves from danger. Being a
winner is not an easy thing because the players have a lot of skill to read
gestures the main opponent. Therefore, before they follow Tiban, a lot of
things to do to acquire these skills in their own way.
Dress or clothing of theTiban players are loose
black fabric trousers (not tight) or commonly called as the komprang trousers.
First, black cloth trousers made of fabric blaco. Given the form of batik cloth
belt that has been folded in such a way that it becomes a belt. In the second
part the knot was left stuck to the bottom. In addition, they also always use
udheng as a headband. When they compete then required to naked on the upper body, which
means no wearing clothes. It was done when it was entered the arena, then they
would take off their clothes.
The selection of place for Tiban highly considered
by the local community. They believe that the election was also very
influential in place fast and whether or not it rains. The first time when a
long drought, each villages that held. Tiban consideration will have different
place because every village has a sacred place respectively. As place that is
trusted by society are in Oro-Oro or very dry rice field. They believe if the
ritual ceremony before Tiban implemented there will be fast rain fell. Not just
when the ritual ceremony only the place used, but currently taking place Tiban
also be used.
Musical instruments used when it was first held
Tiban is gong. Gong is a musical instrument historical relic from ancient
times. It also uses kenthongan made of bamboo to accompany tiban. Invite the
players spread should have the same tradition and have no limit to the number
of the players who come. The tool must be used that is whip or what they call the
whip, because in this area there are many palm trees. Then sticks of palm used
as the basic material for making whip. Make a whip from of palm sada very
simple, The first way is select the 15 or 18 rods stick of palm, then twisted
into one. In some parts of or usually in three parts tied with leather woven of
palm frond or you can also smooth woven bamboo skins. It takes three sada palm
belt was twisted and tied together so that it becomes a whip.
After determining pelandang, then the head of
customs duty and the cultivators carry out ritual ceremonies. Most of people
with an interest should come and follow the ceremony.
Implementation of the ceremony in the form of giving
offerings and ask permission to danyang village led by traditional leaders. The
contents of the offerings are Tumpeng rice, chicken ingkung and three flowers
telon. The next day carry out the whip race in the same place perform rituals
are often reused by them, because they believe that implementing of Tiban in
that place then the rain will quickly go down. The gathering of players from
the local village because of the sound of the gong is struck and driven around
by one of the villagers who helped the implementation of Tiban. Tiban begins at
noon, when the sun was overpowering usually conducted at 12.00 pm until 15:00
pm. If time runs out and the rain has not go down then resumed the next day to
start and finish the same as the day before.
the players are allowed to carry a whip of Tiban respectively,
but must follow the rules made by the pelandang. It is very practical for
example, Person A to Person B began lashing three times and the B brings
cistern to protect themselves. After, it turns that whipped three times prod
the B and the A carry-fed conversely curved to protect themselves. The winner
can be seen from the lash of affected by the body. Making the same cistern by
making whip, but the difference are at the end, if the whip ends by a rope or
strap wound slap, if the cistern is covered with black rubber ends. After the A
and the B out of the arena, then the next player if anyone is free to go
forward and so on.
To
converse the tradition of Tiban
If we see in the terms of art, it is known that
Tiban is a amazing art and awesome because every level of human civilization
has always appeared artwork featuring a sacrifice (not violence). If we see in
the terms of mystic, Tiban also called as
to be very impressive. Awesome because in every place on earth always have to
say "ilahi" (Mantra) is always believed to be able to overcome the
various problems with the less way rational think.
Tiban art is still exist until today due to the
belief that carried from generation to generation and it is considered a
heritage that should be preserved in order this art is not lost in modern times
as it did at this time. This tradition is one of the heritage that must be
preserved and, if necessary, local governments located in the area itself
overshadowed by the container which could make this art is not extinct and find
the seeds that can pass this tiban art
CONCLUSION
Based on the explanation from the the chapter
discussion it can be concluded that Tiban Art is a tradition from generation to
generation from the ancestors by holding the tradition of the farming community
hopes will fall of rain. In the
religious atmosphere, then the rain came down. The rain like this one
called as Tiban Rain. The happiness of pinisepuh people can not described and
thanksfull. From the description above can be taken essence that the fusion
between art and Mystical then humans can create a work that is very admirable
in addition, at the expense of something, we can get something else more
valuable and helpful to us and the environment around us.
APPENDIX
Theme : Culture
Topic : The Ritual of Tiban
Title : The Ritual of Tiban in
Trenggalek East java
REFERENCES
Maran,
Rafael Raga (2000).Manusia dan Kebudayaan-dalam
Perspektof Ilmu Budaya Dasar, Jakarta:Rineka Cipta
NN
(2012). Penyangga Identitas Lokal dalam
Kidung “Seni Pertunjukan Rakyat”, Surabaya:Dewan Kesenian Jawa Timur
Artikel
Tim Pustaka Jawatimuran dari koleksi Deposit – Badan Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan
Provinsi Jawa Timur:
Profil Kebudayaan Informasi Nilai-nilai Budaya dan Legenda Kabupaten
Kediri. Disbudpar Kabupaten Kediri, Kabupaten Kediri, 2010.
